Station Overview Station Location
Station Number LA-CD-12 Latitude 32.3586669
Station Name Keithville 1.5 NNW Longitude -93.855524
County Caddo Parish Elevation (ft) 222



Month 30 Yr Avg by PRISM Total Prcp Sum Days Covered By All Observations Daily Prcp Sum Daily Observation Count Multiday Prcp Sum Days Covered by Multiday Observations Multiday Observation Count Days With Prcp Days With Trace Total Snowfall Days With Snowfall Days With Snow On Ground
Oct 11 5.03 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
Nov 11 4.84 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
Dec 11 5.09 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
Jan 12 4.49 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
Feb 12 4.83 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
March 12 4.51 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
April 12 4.15 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
May 12 4.79 1.26 13 1.26 13 0.00 0 0 2 0 0.0 0 0
June 12 5.04 4.32 28 4.32 28 0.00 0 0 10 0 0.0 0 0
July 12 3.44 5.45 27 5.45 27 0.00 0 0 12 0 0.0 0 0
Aug 12 2.83 4.13 27 4.13 27 0.00 0 0 10 0 0.0 0 0
Sept 12 3.34 9.31 25 9.31 25 0.00 0 0 7 0 0.0 0 0
Water Year Totals: 52.38" 24.47" 120 days 24.47" 120 0.00" 0 days 0 41 days 0 days 0.0" 0 days 0 days



Days in Water Year Cell Color Key
        Daily Observation with Prcp         Missing Day
        Multiday Observation         Daily/Multiday Observation Conflict

Day of Year Daily Prcp Multiday Prcp
10/1/2011
10/2/2011
10/3/2011
10/4/2011
10/5/2011
10/6/2011
10/7/2011
10/8/2011
10/9/2011
10/10/2011
10/11/2011
10/12/2011
10/13/2011
10/14/2011
10/15/2011
10/16/2011
10/17/2011
10/18/2011
10/19/2011
10/20/2011
10/21/2011
10/22/2011
10/23/2011
10/24/2011
10/25/2011
10/26/2011
10/27/2011
10/28/2011
10/29/2011
10/30/2011
10/31/2011
11/1/2011
11/2/2011
11/3/2011
11/4/2011
11/5/2011
11/6/2011
11/7/2011
11/8/2011
11/9/2011
11/10/2011
11/11/2011
11/12/2011
11/13/2011
11/14/2011
11/15/2011
11/16/2011
11/17/2011
11/18/2011
11/19/2011
11/20/2011
11/21/2011
11/22/2011
11/23/2011
11/24/2011
11/25/2011
11/26/2011
11/27/2011
11/28/2011
11/29/2011
11/30/2011
12/1/2011
12/2/2011
12/3/2011
12/4/2011
12/5/2011
12/6/2011
12/7/2011
12/8/2011
12/9/2011
12/10/2011
12/11/2011
12/12/2011
12/13/2011
12/14/2011
12/15/2011
12/16/2011
12/17/2011
12/18/2011
12/19/2011
12/20/2011
12/21/2011
12/22/2011
12/23/2011
12/24/2011
12/25/2011
12/26/2011
12/27/2011
12/28/2011
12/29/2011
12/30/2011
12/31/2011
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
1/1/2012
1/2/2012
1/3/2012
1/4/2012
1/5/2012
1/6/2012
1/7/2012
1/8/2012
1/9/2012
1/10/2012
1/11/2012
1/12/2012
1/13/2012
1/14/2012
1/15/2012
1/16/2012
1/17/2012
1/18/2012
1/19/2012
1/20/2012
1/21/2012
1/22/2012
1/23/2012
1/24/2012
1/25/2012
1/26/2012
1/27/2012
1/28/2012
1/29/2012
1/30/2012
1/31/2012
2/1/2012
2/2/2012
2/3/2012
2/4/2012
2/5/2012
2/6/2012
2/7/2012
2/8/2012
2/9/2012
2/10/2012
2/11/2012
2/12/2012
2/13/2012
2/14/2012
2/15/2012
2/16/2012
2/17/2012
2/18/2012
2/19/2012
2/20/2012
2/21/2012
2/22/2012
2/23/2012
2/24/2012
2/25/2012
2/26/2012
2/27/2012
2/28/2012
2/29/2012
3/1/2012
3/2/2012
3/3/2012
3/4/2012
3/5/2012
3/6/2012
3/7/2012
3/8/2012
3/9/2012
3/10/2012
3/11/2012
3/12/2012
3/13/2012
3/14/2012
3/15/2012
3/16/2012
3/17/2012
3/18/2012
3/19/2012
3/20/2012
3/21/2012
3/22/2012
3/23/2012
3/24/2012
3/25/2012
3/26/2012
3/27/2012
3/28/2012
3/29/2012
3/30/2012
3/31/2012
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
4/1/2012
4/2/2012
4/3/2012
4/4/2012
4/5/2012
4/6/2012
4/7/2012
4/8/2012
4/9/2012
4/10/2012
4/11/2012
4/12/2012
4/13/2012
4/14/2012
4/15/2012
4/16/2012
4/17/2012
4/18/2012
4/19/2012
4/20/2012
4/21/2012
4/22/2012
4/23/2012
4/24/2012
4/25/2012
4/26/2012
4/27/2012
4/28/2012
4/29/2012
4/30/2012
5/1/2012
5/2/2012
5/3/2012
5/4/2012
5/5/2012
5/6/2012
5/7/2012
5/8/2012
5/9/2012
5/10/2012
5/11/2012 1.16
5/12/2012
5/13/2012
5/14/2012
5/15/2012
5/16/2012 0.10
5/17/2012 0.00
5/18/2012 0.00
5/19/2012
5/20/2012
5/21/2012 0.00
5/22/2012 0.00
5/23/2012 0.00
5/24/2012 0.00
5/25/2012 0.00
5/26/2012 0.00
5/27/2012
5/28/2012
5/29/2012 0.00
5/30/2012 0.00
5/31/2012 0.00
6/1/2012 0.00
6/2/2012 0.00
6/3/2012 0.00
6/4/2012 0.00
6/5/2012 0.00
6/6/2012 0.09
6/7/2012 0.01
6/8/2012 0.00
6/9/2012 0.00
6/10/2012 0.00
6/11/2012 0.00
6/12/2012
6/13/2012 0.65
6/14/2012 0.42
6/15/2012 0.03
6/16/2012 1.80
6/17/2012 0.04
6/18/2012 0.97
6/19/2012 0.03
6/20/2012 0.28
6/21/2012 0.00
6/22/2012 0.00
6/23/2012 0.00
6/24/2012 0.00
6/25/2012 0.00
6/26/2012 0.00
6/27/2012 0.00
6/28/2012 0.00
6/29/2012 0.00
6/30/2012
Day of YearDaily PrcpMultiday Prcp
7/1/2012
7/2/2012 0.01
7/3/2012 0.01
7/4/2012 0.00
7/5/2012 0.00
7/6/2012 0.00
7/7/2012 0.03
7/8/2012 0.01
7/9/2012 0.00
7/10/2012 1.22
7/11/2012 0.71
7/12/2012 0.45
7/13/2012 1.55
7/14/2012 0.05
7/15/2012
7/16/2012
7/17/2012
7/18/2012 0.14
7/19/2012 0.00
7/20/2012 0.00
7/21/2012 0.00
7/22/2012 0.69
7/23/2012 0.00
7/24/2012 0.58
7/25/2012 0.00
7/26/2012 0.00
7/27/2012 0.00
7/28/2012 0.00
7/29/2012 0.00
7/30/2012 0.00
7/31/2012 0.00
8/1/2012 0.00
8/2/2012
8/3/2012 0.00
8/4/2012 0.00
8/5/2012 0.00
8/6/2012 0.28
8/7/2012 0.00
8/8/2012 0.03
8/9/2012 0.00
8/10/2012 0.32
8/11/2012 0.00
8/12/2012
8/13/2012 0.00
8/14/2012 0.00
8/15/2012 0.00
8/16/2012 0.07
8/17/2012
8/18/2012 0.80
8/19/2012 2.10
8/20/2012 0.01
8/21/2012 0.00
8/22/2012 0.00
8/23/2012 0.00
8/24/2012 0.00
8/25/2012 0.00
8/26/2012
8/27/2012 0.07
8/28/2012 0.00
8/29/2012 0.00
8/30/2012 0.05
8/31/2012 0.40
9/1/2012
9/2/2012 0.04
9/3/2012 0.00
9/4/2012 0.00
9/5/2012 0.00
9/6/2012 0.00
9/7/2012 0.00
9/8/2012 0.20
9/9/2012
9/10/2012
9/11/2012 0.00
9/12/2012 0.00
9/13/2012 0.00
9/14/2012 0.24
9/15/2012 0.55
9/16/2012 0.05
9/17/2012 M
9/18/2012 3.22
9/19/2012 0.00
9/20/2012 0.00
9/21/2012 0.00
9/22/2012
9/23/2012 0.00
9/24/2012 0.00
9/25/2012 0.00
9/26/2012 0.00
9/27/2012 0.00
9/28/2012 0.00
9/29/2012 0.00
9/30/2012 5.01



Observation Date Observation Time Precipitation Snowfall Snowfall SWE Snow Depth Snow SWE Notes
5/11/2012 7:00 AM 1.16 M M M M This rain fall amount was collected at my NWS station before switching over to CoCoHaHS. There was no recorded rain fall prior to that date.
5/16/2012 7:00 AM 0.10 M M M M
5/17/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/18/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
5/21/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure 29.98mb steady Low 63F, High 92.5 Clear
5/22/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.89mb Steady Low: 61F High: 93F Current: 62F Skies: Clear
5/23/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.74mb steady Low Temp: 60F Hi Temp: 92F Current Temp: 67F Skies: Clear
5/24/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.62mb Stead Low Temp: 63F Hi Temp: 94F Current Temp: 68F Skies: PC w/low clouds moving S to N
5/25/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.79mb Rising Low Temp: 65F Hi Temp: 94F Current Temp: 74F Skies: MC Wind: slight from South
5/26/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.99mb Rising Low Temp: 67F Hi Temp: 94F Current Temp: 74F Skies: MC
5/29/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.75 Steady Low Temp: 63F Hi Temp: 95F Current Temp: 71F Sky: MC
5/30/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.81 Rising Low Temp: 68F Hi Temp: 95F Current Temp: 73F Sky: MC
5/31/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.59 Falling Low Temp: 69F Hi Temp: 95F Current Temp: 73F Sky: Cloudy
6/1/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.85mb Rising Low Temp: 58F Hi Temp: 87F Current: 61F Sky: Clear
6/2/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/3/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/4/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.79mb Steady Low Temp: 614F Hi Temp: 97F Current Temp: 74F Sky: PC
6/5/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.70 Steady Low Temp: 70F Hi Temp: 97F Current Temp: 75F Sky: PC
6/6/2012 7:00 AM 0.09 M M M M Pressure: 29.70 Rising Low Temp: 69F Hi Temp: 101F Current Temp: 73F Sky: MC
6/7/2012 7:00 AM 0.01 M M M M Pressure: 29.75mb Steady Low Temp: 68F Hi Temp: 92F Current Temp: 71F Sky: C Rain: Trace, gauge measured .01"
6/8/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.82mb Steady Low Temp: 68F Hi Temp: 89F Current Temp: 72F Sky: Cloudy
6/9/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/10/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/11/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.71mb Rising Low Temp: 68F Hi Temp: 97F Current Temp: 77F Sky: PC
6/13/2012 7:00 AM 0.65 M M M M Pressure: 29.93mb Rising Low Temp: 68F Hi Temp:88F Current Temp: 72F Sky: PC
6/14/2012 7:00 AM 0.42 M M M M Pressure: 29.85mb Steady Low Temp: 66F Hi Temp: 91F Current Temp: 70F Sky: MC
6/15/2012 7:00 AM 0.03 M M M M Pressure: 29.87 Steady Low Temp: 67F Hi Temp: 92F Current Temp: 70F Sky: Clear
6/16/2012 7:00 AM 1.80 M M M M Pressure: 29.94mb steady Low Temp: 67F Hi Temp: 94F Current Temp: 74F Sky: Clear
6/17/2012 7:00 AM 0.04 M M M M Pressure: 29.94mb Steady Low Temp: 69F Hi Temp: 90F Current Temp: 80F Sky: PC
6/18/2012 7:00 AM 0.97 M M M M Pressure: 29.79 Steady Low Temp: 68F Hi Temp: 91F Current Temp: 69F Sky: PC
6/19/2012 7:00 AM 0.03 M M M M Pressure: 29.84mb Steady Lo Temp: 70F Hi Temp: 89F Current Temp: 75F Sky: C
6/20/2012 7:00 AM 0.28 M M M M Pressure: 29.91mb Steady Low Temp: 70F Hi Temp: 88F Current Temp: 70F Sky: MC
6/21/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.93mb Rising Low Temp: 66F Hi Temp: 94F Current Temp: 68F Sky: PC
6/22/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.83mb Rising Low Temp: 66F Hi Temp: 97F Current Temp: 71F Sky: Clear
6/23/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.81 steady Low Temp: 69F Hi temp: 99F Current Temp: 79F Sky: PC
6/24/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
6/25/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.77mb Rising Low Temp: 71F Hi Temp: 101F Current Temp: 72F Sky: Clear
6/26/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.64mb Rising Low temp: 71F Hi temp: 104F Current Temp: 76F Sky: PC
6/27/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.77mb Rising Low Temp: 64F Hi Temp: 102F Current Temp: 65F Sky: Clear
6/28/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.89mb Rising Low Temp: 64F Hi Temp: 101F Current Temp: 72F Sky: Clear
6/29/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.89mb Steady Low Temp: 70F Hi Temp: 102F Current Temp: 74F Sky: PC
7/2/2012 7:00 AM 0.01 M M M M Pressure: 29.99mb Rising Low Temp: 70F Hi Temp: 95F Current Temp: 72F Sky: C
7/3/2012 7:00 AM 0.01 M M M M Pressure: 29.92mb Rising Low Temp: 72F Hi Temp: 90F Current Temp: 78F Sky: C Witnessed a small portion of a rainbow, only 15deg in length, approx 25deg above the horizon due NW.
7/4/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/5/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.91mb Rising Low Temp: 74F Hi Temp: 100F Current Temp: 75F Sky: Clear
7/6/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.91mb Rising Low Temp: 72F Hi Temp: 100F Current Temp: 73F Sky: PC
7/7/2012 7:00 AM 0.03 M M M M Pressure: 29.90mb Steady Low Temp: 70F Hi Temp: 103F Current Temp: 73F Sky: PC
7/8/2012 7:00 AM 0.01 M M M M Pressure: 29.92mb Steady Low Temp: 72F Hi Temp:99F Current Temp: 79F Sky: PC
7/9/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.86mb Steady Low Temp: 67F Hi Temp: 98F Current Temp: 78F Sky: C
7/10/2012 7:00 AM 1.22 M M M M Pressure: 29.82mb Steady Low Temp: 71F Hi Temp: 91F Current Temp: 72F Sky: C
7/11/2012 7:00 AM 0.71 M M M M Pressure: 29.81mb Steady Low Temp: 71F Hi Temp: 93F Current Temp: 74F Sky: C
7/12/2012 7:00 AM 0.45 M M M M Pressure: 29.82mb Steady Low Temp: 73F Hi Temp: 86F Current Temp: 75F Sky: C
7/13/2012 7:00 AM 1.55 M M M M Pressure: 29.87mb Steady Low Temp: 71F Hi Temp: 80F Current Temp: 73f Sky: C
7/14/2012 7:00 AM 0.05 M M M M Pressure: 29.91mb Rising Low Temp: 72F Hi Temp: 81F Current Temp: 74F Sky: C Light misting rain started @ 7:05AM, no thunder/lighting observed.
7/18/2012 7:00 AM 0.14 M M M M Pressure: 29.89mb Rising Low Temp: 71F Hi Temp: 95F Current Temp: 75F Sky: PC
7/19/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.91mb Steady Low Temp: 73F Hi Temp: 98F Current Temp: 78F Sky: Clear
7/20/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.87mb Steady Low Temp: 75F Hi Temp: 99F Current Temp: 78F Sky: PC
7/21/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/22/2012 7:00 AM 0.69 M M M M Pressure 29.94mb Steady Low Temp: 72F Hi Temp: 101F Current Temp: 79F Sky: MC
7/23/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 30.00mb Rising Low Temp: 72F Hi Temp: 96F Current Temp: 74F Sky: PC
7/24/2012 7:00 AM 0.58 M M M M Pressure: 29.98mb Steady Low Temp: 72F Hi Temp: 94F Current Temp: 75F Sky: Clear
7/25/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.85mb Steady Low Temp: 73F Hi Temp: 97H Current Temp: 78F Sky: Clear
7/26/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.81mb Rising Low Temp: 75F Hi Temp: 97F Current Temp: 78F Sky: PC
7/27/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.87mb Rising Low Temp: 76F Hi Temp: 98F Current Temp: 80F Sky: C
7/28/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
7/29/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.89mb Falling Low Temp: 78F Hi Temp: 102F Current Temp: 87F Sky: Clear
7/30/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.85mb Rising Low Temp: 78F Hi Temp: 104F Current Temp: 80F Sky: PC
7/31/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.83mb Steady Low Temp: 76F Hi Temp: 104F Current Temp: 78F Sky: Clear
8/1/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.83mb Rising Low Temp: 76F Hi Temp: 104F Current Temp: 78F Sky: MC
8/3/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M Pressure: 29.73mb Rising Low Temp: 77F Hi Temp: 101F Current Temp: 77F Sky: Clear
8/4/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/5/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/6/2012 7:00 AM 0.28 M M M M Pressure: 29.99mb Rising Hi Temp: 102F Low Temp: 72F Current Temp: 75F Sky: C
8/7/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/8/2012 7:00 AM 0.03 M M M M Pressure: 29.85mb Rising Low Temp: 73F Hi Temp: 99F Current Temp: 78F Sky: MC
8/9/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/10/2012 7:00 AM 0.32 M M M M Pressure: 29.72mb Falling Low Temp: 74F Hi Temp: 102F Current Temp: 76F Sky: MC
8/11/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/13/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/14/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/15/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/16/2012 7:00 AM 0.07 M M M M
8/18/2012 8:00 AM 0.80 M M M M
8/19/2012 7:00 AM 2.10 M M M M
8/20/2012 7:00 AM 0.01 M M M M
8/21/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/22/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/23/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/24/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/25/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/27/2012 7:00 AM 0.07 M M M M
8/28/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/29/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
8/30/2012 7:00 AM 0.05 M M M M
8/31/2012 7:00 AM 0.40 M M M M
9/2/2012 7:00 AM 0.04 M M M M
9/3/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/4/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/5/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/6/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/7/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/8/2012 8:00 AM 0.20 M M M M
9/11/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/12/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/13/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/14/2012 7:00 AM 0.24 M M M M
9/15/2012 10:00 AM 0.55 M M M M
9/16/2012 10:00 AM 0.05 M M M M
9/17/2012 7:00 AM M 0.0 M M M
9/18/2012 7:00 AM 3.22 M M M M
9/19/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/20/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/21/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/23/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/24/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/25/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/26/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/27/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/28/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M
9/29/2012 7:00 AM 0.00 0.0 M M M No rain at 7:00AM but started with light shower and increasing at approx 11:45AM
9/30/2012 8:00 AM 5.01 M M M M Light misting rain



Start Date End Date & Time Duration in Days Precipitation Snow Depth Snow Depth SWE Notes



Observation Date Observation Time Notes Largest Stone Size Average Stone Size Smallest Stone Size Stone Consistency Duration Minutes Durration Accuracy Damage Timing More Rain than Hail Hail Started Largest Hail Started Angle of Impact Number of Stones on Pad Distance Between Stones on Pad Depth of Stones on Ground